The European Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The European Enlightenment EssayThe scientific revolution is more of a new or modern route of thinking about nature. While science already had a presence prior to the 16th century, the teachings were based more on practical applications, rational plan and magic. s of science, 3elements permeated it empirical practice, magic and rational thought which continued for thousands of years until the 16th and 17th century. With the scientific revolution, rational thought was enhanced through methods which cornerstone be the sole explanation for any phenomena of nature. Refute with reason but bothplacewhelm by experiment. (Hall xvi).We think of Galileo as the first of the moderns because he broke the strangling hold of the traditional authorities Aristotle, Ptolemy and Galen upon scientific thought. He supported the Copernican dead reckoning. He boldly countered errors of traditionally accepted beliefs and appealed to something new through the evidence of experiments. His clay was enhanced by philosophers such as Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes who called their subject infixed philosophy in an attempt to give a systematic explanation to the natural. With the entry of Sir Isaac due north and the invisible colleges, discoveries and inventions came one subsequently the other.Whereas religion used deductive reasoning in the arrival of its conclusions, the revolution brought on inductive reasoning which begins with a hypothesis that were tested using quantifiable data and methodical experimentation. By 1690, science had developed a philosophy experimental and a method mathematical and a goal the improvement of the lot of mankind. (Baker ix, x). There came a paradigm shift in how the physical world was investigated. Reason slowly robbed magic of its power as it is an element of the irrational. Reason is initially used but compounded by experiment.The widely-believed Ptolemy system was anthropocentric based with an immobile globe is the center of the un iverse. While it was beingness discarded through deductive reasoning, i. e. , the world is vile and corrupt and therefore not worthy to be the center, the rational thinkers using the Copernicus hypothesis as indite and with observed facts and physical using reason, terrestrial machinelike phenomena, qualitative observation and quantitative observation by recalculating orbits went on to prove their heliocentric theory that the earth is only one of several planets that revolve around the sun.It also killed the Greek animism of appetites, natural tendencies, sympathies and attractions. Instead, explanation must be in terms of description of processes, mechanisms, interconnection of parts (Hall xvi, xviii). For Aristotle and his followers, bodies continually move so as to fulfill their natures. All matter is goal-oriented. They argon of a teleological nature, which makes them animistic as they attributed soul-like properties. Modern natural philosophy used the machine metaphor, i. . the inner workings of a being are like the mechanism of a clock.They refer to their practice as mechanical philosophy. The development of mechanism gave rise to the view of matter-as-passive and is central to mechanical natural philosophy (Shapin 24-44). Traditional philosophies had been integrated into the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church which was the only Christian religion at that time. The Copernican theory was said to be contrary to the Holy Scripture and utterly heretical.It ran contrary to a decree in 1616 which was issued after the burning of Giordano Bruno for teaching the plurality of worlds or universes outside our own. As well, the present academe were slow in accepting that they have given their lives blindly to the plea of errors. The attitude in the middle ages was that where reason was incompetent to decide, faith should pronounce and that in many instances faith must prevail over reason. (Hall 74-75, 103-105).The medieval church service had originally set its feet against and systematic scientific enquiry on the grounds that man was not intended to know the mind of God as construe by himself. Even Protestants stressed that all knowledge must come form the Bible. Bacon popularized that God actually intended man to recover its mastery over nature. In his text Instauratio Maga (The Great Instauration), the Book of Daniel was quoted in its cover, Many shall pass to and fro and science shall be increased (Shapiro 120). Thus, scientific enquiry became legitimate and prepared the focussing for scientific revolution.Later, there came about a new religious fervor in Deism, a name for the rationalized faith leading to the worship of the divine clockmaker which distrust anything mystical. It is based on the reasoning that if the universe was created by God, and the universe is a rational place then God was rational. (Baker x). Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 presented unplumbed arguments of the mechanical universe in his book Principia Mathematia w hich basically summarizes the conceptual change brought about by the scientific revolution and the path it would take mathematical models are accurate descriptions of the universe the universe moves rationally and predictably one need not appeal to revealed religion or theology to explain any medical prognosis of physical phenomenaall planets and other objects move due to a physical attraction called gravity The universe concept is based on Inertia every object remains at rest until moved by other object and stays in motion unless stopped or redirected by another object (Hooker).

Monsters We Have Created Essay Example for Free

Monsters We Have Created EssayFetal tissue implantation/therapy has many applys such as placing foetal brain tissue into a person with Parkinsons disease, and the fetal tissue will supply chemicals lacking in the diseased brain. These two things are related by abortion. In order to receive fetal tissue a woman must prolong an abortion or a miscarriage, and if a baby doesnt have the desired characteristics and traits when prenatal examen is done the parents can choose to have an abortion. Prenatal testing does have its pros and is not completely bad. Prenatal testing can be used to observe diseases or syndromes in your unborn child, can detect stillbirth, they enable medical or surgical treatment before or after birth, and it can keep an eye on the sex of your baby which is the most anticipated event while pregnant with the exception of the actual delivery of the baby. at that place are invasive and non-invasive methods of prenatal testing. invasive methods include intrud ing into the mothers body, or even probing inside the embryo.Some non-invasive methods include various forms of sonography which is the use of acoustic shed light on measurements, as well as the serological examination which includes sampling the blood of the mother. Non-invasive prenatal testing are verbalize to have a very nobblefused chances of side-effects. In retrospect of non-invasive methods, invasive methods produce actual results while non-invasive give guesses or ecumenic diagnoses. Fetal tissue implantation/therapy has its benefits also. Fetal tissue implanting is said to treat diseases such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers, and Huntingtons disease.Fetal tissue implantation/therapy has also been reported as partially curing paralysis. Fetal tissue contains high doses of dopamine, and can help produce dopamine in person who doesnt have the ability to produce dopamine on their own, or they arent able to produce enough dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. It is on e of the chemicals that is responsible for transmitting signals in between the nerve cells and the brain. So for someone who doesnt have that ability fetal tissue implantation could in a sense save their life. Prenatal testing has just as many cons as it has pros. vigour can ever be 100% good.Incorrect diagnoses are the biggest con. Incorrect diagnoses can lead to a downward spiral of cons like abortions. The pressure to abort is the 2nd biggest con. The reason why is because if a child isnt ideal some parents, even doctors feel as though its best to stop the pregnancy and try again. The bad thing about that is you never know what youre going to get. You could continue to have babies with disabilities, and in the end you have literally wasted several lives. When people abort babies because of a possible disability shows a lack of sympathy for the disenable which is in itself a con.Another con that coincides with disabled children is that there arent many support groups for paren ts with disabled children. There is also the pressure of life and death decisions. No parent wishes for a disabled child, and when faced with the fact that they could possibly have one they play the life or death card and are forced to choose which decision to make. There are cons of fetal implantation/therapy also. The major one is that you are messing with human life. Most people believe that when it comes to children or life in general you should take what you get because life is a very precious thing.Some believe that probing around in an embryo and playing something like a guess and check is immoral and shouldnt be done. Religious people believe that when you use fetal implantation/therapy is in a sense playing with God. They too believe that God has given you what he desired to give you and you should take it and love your child regardless. Cloning humans also falls into a con of fetal testing/implantation/therapy. It is said that scientists are trying to create the perfect h uman, but there is no such thing, because whats perfect to one person may not be the same perfect as someone else.So you can never completely achieve a perfect human being. In conclusion, both prenatal testing and fetal implantation/therapy have equally the number of pros and cons. Both have the ability to be beneficial but they can also become monsters if used beyond their means. Nothing can be 100% good or bad. Anything in this knowledge base that is created by man has the ability to be a monster. Everything also has the ability to be something good. Whether something is good or bad depends on how humans choose to use them. Works Cited Fetal Tissue Implant. Infoplease.

Representation of War in the Media

Representation of War in the MediaCHAPTER III CASE STUDIESWar is fought with the forget of the g all overnment, competence of the armed forces and the defend of the nationCarl Von Clausewitzthither is no doubt that the global reach and immediacy of the new media communications technologies and the ability to shape some(prenominal) national and international public opinion has made media a major player in limited conflicts. Such developments could be expected to significantly feign the way conflict is reported and make outd by international community. Given the rapid progress and far reaching advances in communications over recent years, fall off engagement with the media acts as a force multiplier for the commander on ground to achieve a more comprehensive success. On the other hand, the wild media engagement leads to loss of operational security and makes the task of the military commander much more difficult.The media representation of wars has significantly changed over w ork years. Previously universe just an instrument of coverage and propaganda, now media are considered a competent weapon. The war of real objects is partially being replaced by the war of pictures and sounds, information war1. today we shall examine few significant national and international conflicts, where the media extensively covered these operations by the Armed Forces. Some were a success story darn others left much to be desired form the way the Armed Forces engage the media.The Gulf WarControl of the media during the Gulf war followed the pattern that was found in the Falklands and refined in Grenada and Panama2. The pattern included secrecy in planning, demonisation of the enemy, exploitation of the media to enlist national and international conduct, and the exclusion of the media during the initial phases of the operation3. The solvent news vacuum was filled by officialcoverage favourable to the military. Later criticisms were stonewalled.In the Gulf, the media wer e excluded from the planning stages of the initial deployment and the deliberations leading to the change of war aims from that of the demurrer of Saudi Arabia to offensive action in Kuwait. The demonisation of Saddam Hussein was used to rally national as headspring as international support and the media was immediately co-opted into these tasks4. The Gulf also demonstrated the familiar pattern of exclusion of the media from the early action, when both the military and the administration were most vulnerable5.Before the commencement of the hostilities, regular army set up the Joint Information Bureau to handle the media from a base in Dhahran. Journalists were formed into pools or Media Reporting Teams (MRTs).Guidelines were instituted, concurrent with the arrival of the premier(prenominal) pool of reporters6. Subsequent guidelines gave detailed instructions how the information could be gathered. All interviews could be conducted whole in the presence of a military escort, all reports, photos and videos had to be cleared by a security review system before transmission.Beyond these measures, however, the Gulf campaign lent itself to complete media management through sacrosanct control over the means of communication, transport and access. So powerful was this weapons system that there was no need for actual censorship7. Censorship was achieved primarily through defence of access and delay in transmission, backed a blanket decision non to allow media access to any event that was a strictly controlled. This was head start by a flow of favourable military sourced information to fill the vacuum created by media restriction. Material ranged from information provided at carefully controlled briefings which bypassed journalists on the spot. The combination of credibility afforded by the briefings and novelty of the new weaponry was enough to satisfy audiences8.The realities of war and any real analysis were foregone in favour of a politicallyacceptable, san itised war which showed nothing but success. It was evident too thatthe military used the media not whole to present its own policies in the shell possible light, but to deceive and misinform the Iraqis.Both the administration and the military clearly benefited from this control. CNNs coverage of the 1991 Gulf War, when it became the worlds only instant chronicler of a major conflict, seemed only to confirm the formidable role played by Western news agencies in covering and framing international events. The impact of this kind of media coverage has been dubbed the CNN effect, referring to the astray available round-the-clock broadcasts of the Cable News Network9. Indeed, by the mid 1990s, some scholars and certain policymakers had come to the conclusion that CNN in particular was having a measurable impact on the way governments conduct world politics.This proactive engagement of media by the Pentagon ensured that the military remains immune from scrutiny but also garners the vo ter benefits for the politicians. The only caution is that this form of media containment or partial exclusion can only work for a limited period. If, as in Vietnam and as may well engender happened in the Gulf, such a limited conflict becomes protracted and involves high levels of casualties, then the ascendancy of the military may be challenged and broken as the global media brings to bear the full weight of its capacity for independent news gathering and communications.The 1991 Gulf war was the first televised war of the century wherein pictures of the night toss away lit up with firing of weapons. Operation Desert Storm was the most bulkyly and most swiftly reported war in history. In gain to being called the first CNN War this war also marked a turning point for the Americans view of that relationship. US demonstrated volition and military potential to influence developing world in consonance of her policies.10 The world saw the exist footage of the 1991 Gulf war. CNN act ivities during the war were a classic guinea pig of the role that civil broadcasts and journalists can play in any future war. Media can be allowed selective access with a view to influencing the international opinion. The media enjoys the support of high technology equipment and access to credible media outlets. The CNN broadcasts provided useful inputs to put into operation diplomatic damage limitation operations to counter the fallout of adverse reports. The exemplification at hand is the demonstration of her will and the military potential by the USA in influencing the world opinion, including engaging the media11.The first Iraqi war was only covered by the media and the general opinion was that the media was focussing all their attention on the wars victory and retreating troops. Very few journalists looked after the Arabian people in fact the Iraqi refugee problem was simply overlooked. In general, the media was in truth supportive of the American troops in the Persian Gul f. Though the account was positive, the coverage did not tell the absolute truth on the battle field. Journalists were more or less welcomed by the battalion commanders. The army was silent to embedding the media, while the Marine army corps was proactive and welcomed media attention. Public satisfaction with press coverage can be largely attributed to the increasing media savvy of the military leadership, who were able to successfully use news coverage to enhance the militarys image and win public support for its operations. General Schwarzkopf was a master at these press briefings. He examine the importance of the briefings and prepared himself mentally. He decided not to repeat the mistake made in Grenada, where the relations between media and the military had been eroded to an appalling state12.Kargil A Water Shed for Indian MediaThe Kargil conflict was Indias first real war of the information age and it was significant for the impact and the influence of the mass media on t he public opinion of both the nation states13. During this operation, both the military and the media were interacting for the very first time in the backdrop of the technological advances made in the last two three decades or so. The Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on the TV, while many websites provided in-depth analysis of the war. This conflict became the first live war in South Asia14. The Indian Army tried to implement the pool methodology of the Gulf war after consulting some reputed and esteemed media persons. on that point were daily briefings in Delhi through the operational staff and journalists were allowed to enter the war zone15. The site tours were discontinued after some time and media persons got total freedom to can around on their own except where their lives could be in danger. But unlike the Gulf war, there was to be no censoring of media reports and there was to be no deviation from the truth16. The military and the media did not indulge in any deliberate disinformation drive. But they effectively exposed Pakistans lies and disinformation tactics.The media for once highlighted defence requirements of weaponry and ammunition which otherwise do not get any entailment for reporting in the normal sequence of events.17. The Kargil War, also brought into focus the significance of both the print and the electronic media18. The nation made a very clever use of the Internet and dedicated an exclusive Website www.vijayinkargil.com to show case the heroics of the Indian Army. Trained PR officers manned chat sites on the web to establish a real time inter face with the youths of the country for possibly the very first time.Television was able to invade the living rooms of the people to shape public opinion. The war received a human face because of the wide scale coverage of the war by the news channels like Aaj Tak, Zee News and NDTV Network. The media both Indian and overseas was predominantly compassionate to the In dian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that our western adversary was in principal answerable for the conflict19. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil20 and served as a morale booster. As the fighting intensified, the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage. This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position.Media reportage on Kargil converged around a single dramatic image of a nation at war. In the initial phase, news coverage was restrained on the logic of operational security. The Army permitted first media coverage on 15 May 1999. In Jun 1999, travel permits of press personnel were turned again quoting compromise of security. The failure of understanding was due to incorrect handling of media by army as well as character and content of r eportage. thither was a tendency to trivialise and sensationalise news by many sections of media. The semantics of reportage of certain events like return of six tortured bodies, led to a proliferation of enlarged stories.However, media did not act as the force multiplier throughout. At crucial junctures, the over ecstatic media reported the crucial attack plans of the Indian army on the news in advance. This gave the all important operational intelligence to the adversary. The glaring example of this was the attack on tiger Hill, where in after capture of Tiger Hill, the captured Pakistani troops revealed that they received the inputs about the Indian Armys plans through the news channels. Also the telecast at times showed the location of the gas gun bases, deployment areas and the logistic installations which was then suitably interpreted by the enemy to bring out effective fire on these locations.Mumbai Terrorist Attacks of 26/11Medias reporting of terrorist activities is fast becoming critical in todays scenario when no country is left untouched by terrorism. War on terrorism is a test for the Indian media. How much should be broadcast, whether broadcast of terrorist actions amounts to glorifying terrorism and violence and whether it incites people, creates new recruits and gives publicity to terrorists who seek to grab world attention are topics of debate across nations in the post 9/11 world. Similar debates have begun in India, more so after 26/11 Mumbai attacks.The well interrelated terror attack on Mumbai brings about essential lessons, both for the media as well as the Armed forces. The news media with a lack of understanding of where the speciality can reach in such a situation, reported the move of National Security Guard (NSG) from Delhi to Mumbai being declared by the Home Minister21. There is increasing questioning of the medias conduct in the face of such attacks and more so after the live telecast of the 60 hour long Mumbai attacks. refer over the way many aspects of its operations got jeopardized due to live images being broadcast by TV during the 6- hour siege, the National Security Guard (NSG) touch for restrictions on media coverage wherever its commandos are engaged to combat22.The case in point is the way NSGs operations at Nariman House were broadcast live. Questions were raised over the way Havaldar Gajender Singh fell to a terrorists bullet at Nariman House. As per the narration of incidents by an NSG commando TV broadcasted our commandoes landing from a helicopter on the capital over Nariman House. By the time our men landed and started taking positions, the terrorists were already waiting for us and opened fire23.In contrast the operations at Oberoi could be conducted more smoothly since TV channels were kept beyond a one-kilometer radius24. This zone was put under virtual curfew with no access allowed to television crews. The operations there took the least time, just under 30 hours, as compared to the other two places. As per NSG officials while terrorists holed up inside probably did not have access to live TV images on the second and third day of operations, they still had phones and were probably getting instructions from people watching those live images on TV. The media in turn can question the NSG that was there any spokesman of NSG to guide the media? The media showed what they saw. Can you blame them for showing what was happening?1 Gulf War Was A faultless Television War http//www.ukessays.com/essays/media/gulf-war-was-a-perfect-television-war-media-essay.php2 Young and Jesser, Loc cit, pp 280-2813 Ibid, pp 1764 Ibid5 Ibid, pp1896 Ibid7 Ibid8 Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 20109The CNN Effect Strategic Enabler or functional Risk? Margaret H. Belknap http//strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02autumn/belknap.htm10 Brig VK Nair,VSM,Retd. War in the Gulf Lessons For The Third World, Lancer Papers, pp 106.11 Ibid12 Vice Admiral J Metcalfe, The Press and the Grenada 1983, Franc Cass Co. Ltd, London pp 16813 Operation Vijay 1999 Victory Over Pak Treachery break J P Singh, Retd News Bharti English 25 Jul 201414 Kargil War Wikipedia, online http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war.15 Kargil War Wikipedia, online http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war16 Ibid.17 Ibid.18 Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 201019Article titled The Significance of the Kargil Crisis pp18-19, RAND Publications http//www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1450/MR1450.ch2.pdf20 Ibid21 Rahul K Bhonsle, Mumbai 26/11- Security Imperatives for the Future, New Delhi Vij Books (India) Pvt Ltd pp 50-5122 Media has Blood of NSG Commandoes http//nomadmolouges.blogspot.in/2008/12/media-has-blood-of-nsg-commando.html23 Ibid24 Indian Media And War maturity date Essay http//www.ukessays.com/essays/media/indian-media-and-war-maturity-media-essay.php

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan

fomite go through Management Plan1.0 VEHICLE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES1.01 Policy In revisal to reduce the cost and risk of direct and managing a motor fomite fleet, Citibank Trinidad and Tobago Ltd impart establish a comprehensive group of procedures governing the control, utilization, and maintenance of logical argument possess fomites.1.02 Scope These policy and procedures specify the requirements for utilization, cognitive process, and maintenance of exclusively Citibank controlled motor fomites. This includes vehicles owned or leased by the Business, rental vehicles, and personally owned vehicles apply on Citibank business.2.0 VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT PLAN2.01 Administrative Responsibility In accordance with this policy, Citibank has delegated the administration of the motor vehicle fleet to the structure supers. The make superintendent has the administrative responsibility of requesting the purchase, replacement, maintenance, control, and as stainment of a ll Citibank vehicles. The build Superintendents impart act as the point of contact with the GSU Department and impart be trusty for observing and enforcing the fleet management policies and procedures at Citibank.2.02 Staff /Vendor Responsibility All employees/couriers who utilize Citibank owned vehicles, vehicles rented/leased to Citibank or who work their personal vehicles on Official Citibank business and argon reimbursed for mileage shall adhere to the vehicle Fleet Management Policy and Procedures as written.3.0 DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this policy, the following definitions shall apply.3.01 Employee everyone appointed to fit for Citibank/Marketspace in a manner that causes their name to appear on the payroll as a full or part time employee and they atomic number 18 routinely scheduled to work more than thirty (30) hours a week.3.02 Course and Scope of Employment An employee is within the course and scope of employment when he or she is engaged in activities that are related to the legation of Citibank and are in the furtherance of its affairs or business, whether on the Citibanks premises or elsewhere.3.03 Activities Citibank related activities are those activities that are consistent with Citibanks mission and that are approved by the appropriate administrative discussion section.3.04 Motor Vehicle A motor vehicle is defined as a vehicle that is clear and legal to operate on the roadways. This includes Citibank fleet vehicles and any vehicles rented or leased by the business for Citibank related activities.3.05 Highway The entire width between property lines of any road, street, way, thoroughfare, or bridge in this country not privately owned or controlled, when any part thereof is open to the public for vehicular traffic, and over which the State has legislative jurisdiction and constabulary power.3.06Vehicle Inspection Form A form that is used by the Fleet Managers designee to evaluate and memorialise the circumstance of each v ehicle on a routine basis3.07 Operate To be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon any highway.3.08 Minor motor vehicle accident Repair cost- TTD$0.00 $6,000.003.09 Major motor vehicle accident Repair cost TTD$6,000.01 and above.3.10 The Vendor/Courier Marketspace limit Courier Services contracted by the bank4.0 work USING CITIBANK OWNED VEHICLES4.01 Appropriate phthisis Vehicles should be used except by persons who are acting within the course and scope of Citi related activities or employment.4.02 Eligible Drivers In addition to meeting all other criteria in this policy, only those persons whose name resounding appear on Marketspaces designee sheet and are regularly scheduled to work more that Thirty (30) hours a week or any Citi Employee pass offn much(prenominal)(prenominal) authorization should be asked or allowed to use Citibank owned motor vehicles.4.03 Secondary Drivers Trips of long duration may require a secondary driver to attend the designated dri ver. A secondary driver must subscribe their travel appropriately authorized prior departing the premises.4.04 PassengersA. Family membersUnless a family member is also an employee or participation of such a person is approved as part of a sanctioned event of this institution each Marketspace/Citibank Employee who operates a Citibank-owned vehicle should be do cognisant that there is no obligation coverage for members of any employee drivers immediate family who are passengers in Citibank-owned vehicles.B. HitchhikersHitchhikers are not allowed to ride in any fleet vehicle.5.0 pass away USING PERSONAL VEHICLES5.01 Notice of Potential for Personal Liability Citibank recognizes that employees occasionally use personal vehicles while engaged in Citibank-related activities. Because personal automobile amends give be looked to first in the event of an accident, all persons who use their vehicles while conducting Citibank business should be made aware of the possibility of personal liability related to such use. The Bank does provide limited secondary liability coverage for damages arising from use of a personal vehicle however, members of the drivers family and other employee are excluded from coverage under that policy.5.02 Reimbursement for Costs of Using Personal Vehicles Mileage costs related to any significant use of personal vehicles to conduct Citibank-related business may be reimbursed to employees upon approval of department head.5.03 Use of Personal Vehicles Not Required No individual shall be mandated to use his or her vehicle to perform Citibank-related activities.6.0 TRAVEL USING RENTAL VEHICLES6.01 Travel Authorization Rentals are only for employees whose travel is authorized by Citi. Authorization requires written approval from the head of the traveling employees department and the CCO/SCOO.6.03 Use of Travel Agent Rentals under the Bank-negotiated contracts or using local funds should be arranged through an Approved Vendor7.0 PROGRAM establis hment7.01 Driver Requirements All Marketspace/Citibank employees who may be called upon to drive a Citibank vehicle shall have a Valid Drivers Permit as postulate by law. The interprets allow for be obtained and moderateed by the GSU Department assisted by the Building Superintendents.An acceptable rating to for any person to operate a Citibank vehicle shall be no more then three (3) minor motor vehicle accidents (not at fault) or one minor at-fault motor vehicle accident per year.Any more than one (1) major at-fault motor vehicle accident every Two (2) years would result in the Driver being suspended if it is a Marketspace employee or all motor vehicle access privileges revoked if a Citi Employee.An employee with a rating of more than the specified amount must attend a protective driver training configuration and would also stand the cost of any repairs to any further motor vehicle accidents. It would be the responsibility of the Marketspace/Citibank employee to schedule requ ired remedial training on his or her own time and bear the cost of this training.Other violations Type A ViolationsDriving while intoxicated (alcohol or drugs).Homicide arising out of the use of a motor vehicle.Operating a motor vehicle during a period of suspension or revocation of an operators license.Using a motor vehicle for the commission of a felony.Aggravated assault with a motor vehicle.Operating a motor vehicle without the owners permission (stolen vehicle).Permitting an un-licensed person to drive.rash movement.Hit and run involving bodily injury and/or physical damage.Type B ViolationsAll moving violations not listed as Type A violations.7.02 MVR look backward Schedule A motor vehicle record (MVR) shall be obtained on all employees whose job duties would include driving a Citibank owned, rented, or personal vehicle while on Citibank business. The MVR shall be reviewed and updated regularly based on the following schedulePrior to employment The Human Resources Department will ensure that prospective employees requiring an MVR submit copies of drivers license and if applicable copies of all defensive driving records. All copies of the records would be sent to the GSU Department for maintenance.For all Marketspace employees, GSU would maintain all records and files with the assistance of the Building Superintendent.Annually The driving records of all Marketspace/Citi employees who are required to drive will be reviewed annually by the GSU Department. The employees department head and the Building Superintendents will be notified of any change in the drivers status.Upon observance of an accident or citation If a Citibank/Marketspace employee has been involved in a motor vehicle accident or receives a traffic citation while operational a Citibank Vehicle, it is the employees responsibility to notify the GSU Department and their supervisor/manager of the change in their driver status. also-ran to make such notification in a timely manner could result in a revocation of driving privileges, and /or disciplinary action.Upon notification of suspension, revocation or expiration of the operators license Driving privileges are automatically suspended when a Marketspace or Citibank employee valid drivers license has been suspended, revoked, or expired. It is mandatory that the employee inform their supervisor/ manager when such a suspension, revocation, or expiration occurs.Individuals who do not have a valid drivers license are forbidden from operating any Bank-owned or rented vehicles. They are also banned from driving personal vehicles on Citibank business while collecting for mileage.7.03 MVR Administrative ResponsibilityThe Building Superintendents shall maintain a list of all regular drivers.Information gathered as part of this program shall be confidential. Assignment of additional driver training will be the responsibility of the GSU Head. A courier may be required to bear the expense and time of any remedial training assigned collectable to a poor rating. Driver training can include, but is not limited, toDefensive driving classesOne-day seminars on driving improvementDriver training videos on quested specific driving skills.8.0 VEHICLE OPERATIONS8.01 Vehicle ReservationsA vehicle may be requested by completing a Vehicle Request Form (including authorizing signature) or by having the authorizing agent E-Mail a request. A separate form is required for each vehicle or strip requested. The request for vehicle reservations should be made at least forty eight (48) hours in advance if possible. Vehicles are generally available on a first come, first serve basis but should a conflict arise the Administration will determine vehicle availability and make the assignment.8.02 Vehicle Pick-up/Drop-off A reserved vehicle may be picked up or dropped off by the authorized driver at the Banks basement simple machine park under the supervision of security.8.03 Citibank Fleet Management Obligations Citibank will provi de vehicles that are in safe and good driving condition. Building Superintendent will be responsible monitoring the care and maintenance of vehicles keeping up with items such as inspections, manufacture recalls and general preventive maintenance of the vehicles. The Building Superintendent will provide the GSU Department with all required information on the maintenance and utilization of the fleet. It will also be the responsibility of the Building Superintendent to assure that the vehicles to be used by people having reservations are clean and have been serviced appropriately for their trip. The Building Superintendent in conjunction with the GSU Department will use information gathered from the fleet management program to determine appropriate repair and replacement schedules for the Banks vehicles.8.04 Driver Obligations The following conditions apply to all drivers who use Citibank vehicles. Drivers should read these obligations carefully before operating a Citibank vehicle.Cau tion The driver of the vehicle has ultimate responsibility for leaveking and possessing information about driving condom and applicable laws. Citibank will not be responsible for any traffic citations resulting from the actions of the driver.The driver mustHave a valid Trinidad Tobago drivers license, appropriate for the weight and class vehicle that they are operating.Have a current courier/vehicle operator file with the GSU Dept.Notify their supervisor and GSU Department of any change in his or her license status. This includes notification of moving violations and/or traffic accidents.Complete a Vehicle Use Report and maintain a detailed record of expenses such as fueling or emergency mechanical work.Wear seat belts when driving or occupying a Citibank vehicle.Assume responsibility for any and all fines or traffic violations associated with your use of a Citibank vehicle.Never drive while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This includes over the counter or prescription practice of medicine that may effect the drivers ability.Never transport passengers such as hitchhikers, family members, or friends for unauthorized use.Turn the vehicle ignition off, remove the keys, and lock the vehicle when you guide it unattended.Never drive the vehicle at speeds that are inappropriate for the road conditions.Report all accidents to the Building Superintendent and to the police department in the jurisdiction where the accident occurred.Not allow smoking in the vehicle.Not eat, drink, or operate any equipment that may distract or interfere with the safe operation of the vehicle.Not use radar/laser detection devices or wear headphones/earphones while operating the vehicle.Exercise caution when using cellular phones. Refer to region 8.05 below.Observe traffic laws at all times.Drive courteously and defensively.Return the vehicle free of litter, noting any problems with the vehicle on the Vehicle Use Report.8.05 booth Phone UseAs a general rule, the use of Busine ss-owned and personal cellular phones while operating a moving vehicle has restrictions/guidelines for use payable to the distraction and lack of concentration presented to safe driving performance.As a driver, your first responsibility is to pay attendance to the road. Conversations should be kept to an absolute minimum. Do not read, look up an address, lookup phone numbers, or attempt to write or take notes while driving.Place your cellular phone in your vehicle where it is easily accessible without removing your eyes from the road.When possible, plan your calls before you begin your trip, or call when your vehicle is stopped at a stop sign or red light. Attempt to dial and place all calls when you are not moving or have a passenger use the phone. tally and use the pre-programmed number dial features of your phone. Practice using this feature for commonly dialed numbers before driving so you are familiar with the procedures. If you absolutely need to dial while driving, assess the traffic and dial only a few numbers at a time.If your phone rings when you are driving especially during hazardous road and/or heavy traffic conditions let your cellular voice mail service take the call and listen to the centre later when you are parked, or pull over before answering, if traffic conditions permit. Let the person you are speaking to know you are driving and that the call may need to be suspended at any time. Suspend conversations during hazardous driving conditions or situations.Do not engage in disagreeable or emotional conversations while driving. A stressful or emotional phone conversation while driving is distracting and potentially dangerous. If necessary, suspend the phone conversation.Use your cellular phone to call for help or to help others in emergencies. However, do not place yourself or others in danger while doing so. If you see an auto accident, crime in progress, or other serious emergency where lives are in danger, call the relevant emergency service/s and give the exact location and information to them,8.06 Reporting of Accidents or Damage The driver is responsible for the immediate reporting of any accidents or damage incurred while operating a Citibank vehicle. An incident should be first reported to the nearest police station having jurisdiction. Notify the GSU Department and the supervisor as soon as viable after any accident or incident resulting in injury or damage to the vehicle.When you have an accident, you mustGet immediate medical attention if you or your passengers are injured.Keep calm and avoid arguments over blame.Make no statements concerning guilt or fault.Never agree to make payments for the accident.Notify the police a police report may be necessary for some insurance claims.Discuss the accident only with police officers, the Banks insurance claims adjuster, or a GSU officer.Record as much information as you can on all other parties to the accident. This information may include names of individuals in volved, drivers license number, addresses, vehicle make, model and year, witness names and telephone numbers. Dont forget to get the name of the city in which the accident occurred and the name of the investigating officer.Fill out a Vehicle Accident Report and forward it to the GSU Officer as soon as possible. Use the insurance carrier provided form in your vehicle to record information concerning the accident. This form has information about our carrier, tips on gathering information at the accident scene and a space for writing down the central information.9.0 FLEET SIZE AND MAINTENANCE9.01 Vehicle Disposal Once the decision to dispose of the vehicle has been made, the vehicle should be sold as soon as practical. The longer it sits the more it will depreciate.9.02 Vehicle Replacement Schedule Consideration should be given to age of the vehicle, mileage, and the cost of maintenance.9.03 Vehicle Acquisition In read to make best use of the vehicles in the fleet and minimize overal l fleet cost, the purchase of a new vehicle should be made only after careful consideration. Some of the factors involved in the decision to purchase should be as followsIs this a replacement of an existing vehicle? If so, could repairs be made that would be more economical than a purchase?Could a utility vehicle be used in lieu of a motor vehicle?Is the purchase related to a documented need resulting from program growth?Is the vehicle essential to the mission of Citibank? Can the need be documented?9.04 sassy Vehicle Delivery All new vehicles will be inspected by the Fleet Manager or his designee upon delivery. Particular attention will be nonrecreational to any damage that might have occurred during shipment. All warranty papers and owner/operator documents will be listed and reviewed prior to accepting delivery. GSU will be notified and provided with all of the required information concerning the addition, as soon as possible, after the Bank accepts a new vehicle into the fleet . The new vehicle will be added to the preventive maintenance schedule for the care of the vehicle.9.05 Titles and Registration All original vehicle titles and registration receipts will be acquired and maintained by the GSU Designee.9.06 Warrantees, Recalls and Inspections The Fleet Manager or his designee shall be responsible for the review and appropriate response to all factory recall issues. All warranty information and inspection dates will be entered in the Maintenance Schedule reminders will be created to remind the staff of upcoming inspections or service requirements. Also inspections would be done by the Building Superintendents using the Weekly Vehicle Checklist and daily by Marketspace couriers using the daily checklist.9.07 Preventive Maintenance Each vehicle in the fleet shall have a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan for regularly scheduled maintenance. This plan shall be based on manufacturer recommendations for the vehicle model, type of use the vehicle typically enc ounters and Citibanks previous experience in maintaining similar vehicles. Items such as tires, brakes, lubrication / fluids and spark plugs should be placed on a regular maintenance interval.The Building Superintendent will review the PM program annually to determine if the task and frequencies are adequate and if the results indicate the PM program is helpful in maintaining the vehicles and reducing operating cost.9.08 Fuel Selection All of the vehicles in the Citibank fleet are designed to operate on premium unleaded gasoline. Unless tagged otherwise, only premium unleaded gasoline should be used when fueling.9.09 Fuel and Service Credit Cards Citibank provides commercial fleet fueling at capital of Virginia Street Center, to authorized drivers on an as need basis. It is not permissible for Citibank fueling to be used for any service other than those associated with the operation of Citi owned vehicles on Citibank business.

The History Of The Augmented Reality In Education

The Hi account statement Of The increase valet de chambrely concern In EducationWhat is Augmented veracity?Augmented authenticity is a computer agreement which has the world power to combine the reliable world and computer generated data. With this system, substantiveistic objects are blended into tangible footage in accepted time. Thus, we bear imagine the high potential that this technology might spend a penny if applied in the field of education.In augment naive sincereism, the computer deeds as a mirror. With a television tv camera and a black and white printed marker, we transmit to the computer the tilt and coordinates about an object. Thus real elements are change integrity with virtual(prenominal) elements in real time, and in the same way as in a mirror, the plan appears inverted on the screen, which secures orientation a rattling complicated task.virtual(prenominal) models derriere be animated and multiplied. With this technology we are able to crea te and combine animated sequences in order to control a virtual object and share the moveion with others.In the field of education, we do-nothing use this technology to create interactive 3-D books that respond to changes in the angle of observation.From the beginning, the advertising companies were the first to use this system victimisation interactive web based increase reality applications. Because of its potential, augment reality will be astray applied in fields such as architecture, surgery, simulations, geology and ecology among others.How it Works?The basic process of creation in augmented reality is to create virtual models that will be stored in a database. later on this, the model will be retrieved from the mentioned database, rendered and registered into the scene. Sometimes, this process implies serious touchyies in many area applications. The virtual kernel must(prenominal) be stored on the database and also published as printed material, containing an index t o our database. This intercourse to the database increases the complexity of the virtual model as final work.To avoid these difficulties, is indispensable to fully encode our virtual content in a bar code, which is not understandable to a human without using a specific augmented reality system. When captured by an AR system, the virtual models are accordingly extracted from the incoming image.Embedding Acquisition Extraction Registration RenderingThe virtual model is created and printed. This printed even upation is then acquired by the augmented reality device. After, the virtual models are extracted from the acquired image. Finally,the virtual models are registered onto the scene and after rendered.Besides adding virtual objects into the real world, AR must be able to remove them. Desirable systems would be those that incorporate sound to broaden the augmented experience. These systems should integrate headsets equipped with microphones to capture incoming sound from the s urround, indeed having the capability to hide real environmental sounds by generating a masking signal.Characteristics of Augmented humankindHaptic TechnologyThe main goal of AR is the interactivity between the drug user and virtual objects.HT it is the system that allows the user to thrust tactile experiences within immersive environments. With this system the user interacts with the virtual environment with an augmented system. To bring realism to these interactions, the system must allow the user to feel the touch of surfaces, textures and the weight and size of virtual objects.With haptic devices, mass piece of ass be assigned to virtual elements so that the weight and other qualities of the object offer be felt in the fingers. This system requires complex computing devices endowed with great power. Furtherto a greater extent, the system must disclose the terzetto-dimensional location of fiducial points in the real scene.Position-Based Augmented human beingsFor correc t compensation between the virtual and real image, the system must represent both images in the same frame of reference by using sensitive calibration and measurement systems to determine the different coordinate frames in the AR system. This system measures the position and orientation of the camera with respect to the coordinate system of the real world. These two parameters determine the world-to-camera transform, C. We can quantify the parameters of camera-to-image, P, by calibrating the video camera. Finally, the tertiary parameter, O, is computed by measuring the position and orientation of the virtual object in the real world, being rendered and combined with the live video.Computer Vision for Augmented naturalismAugmented existence uses computer vision methods to improve performance. Thus, the system eliminates calibration errors by processing of the live video data. Other systems invert the camera jut to obtain an approximation of the postureer pose.Recently, a mixed m ethod uses the fiducial tracking, which is combined with a magnetic position tracking system that determines the parameters of the cameras in the scene.Currently, the problems of camera calibration are solved by registering the virtual objects over the live video.AnimationIf we want an AR system to be credible, it must have the ability to animate the virtual elements within the scene. Thus, we can distinguish between objects moving by themselves and those whose movements are produced by the user. These interactions are represented in the object-to-world transform by a multiplication with a translation matrix.PortabilitySince the user can walk through large spaces, Augmented Reality should pay special attention to the portability of it systems, far-off from controlled environments, allowing users to walk outdoor with comfort. This is accomplished by making the scene generator, the head-mounted display and the tracking system capable of being autonomous.What are the Differences betwe en Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality?While AR enriches the users interpret of the world by creating interactive virtual objects and introducing them in our real world, VR systems immerse us in a virtual world that completely re berths the real world outside. Natural environments contain important information that can not be phony by computer.To augment the information from the real world, it is cave in to integrate the virtual elements within the natural environment, so that the users feels fully immersed. To achieve this goal we need a system that incorporates these elements in the most efficient way. This system will need to continually send stimuli to the user to discriminate that sense of immersion. In addition, changes made by the user shall be correctly interpreted by the system, in this way the virtual elements will be incorporated with their changes in the real environment. Any repugnance between the real an virtual parts will result in a disconnection between virtu al elements and their position in the real world.Virtual environments require real-time response to display a high level of realism, which implies the need for high power AR systems to introduce the user in a perfect immersive experience.This system must correctly analyze the users movements to determine how they will affect the scene.Comparison Against Virtual EnvironmentsAugmented Reality requires three basic subsystems compared to Virtual RealityScene generator Since the virtual environment completely replaces real world, it will need higher technical requirements than those of Augmented Reality. On the other hand, AR doesnt need to realistically reproduce the virtual items to be perceived integrated into the scene.Display device While VE uses colour systems in all its applications, with AR is sufficient to use monochrome screens, thus consuming fewer resources and energy.Tracking and sensing In this field, Augmented Reality is more plastered in its requirements that those for v irtual environment systems.Mixed Systems Augmented SimulationAUGSIM is the combination of Augmented Reality and Seamless Simulation. This combination augments the real world with computer entities and actions, thus be used in virtual training and gaming. Thus, through AR we can experience virtual sounds and images in our real world.What graphical systems does Augmented Reality use?The standard HMD take into accounts the user total immersion in the virtual environment. To achieve this isolation, the system must use video cameras to obtain an accurate view of the physical worldSome AR researchers work with two types of Head-mounted displays to increase the sense of immersion inside the scene. These two systems are the avocation.Optical See-Trough HMDIn Augmented Reality, Head-Mounted Displays cross-file an improved world in front of the users eyes.These portable computers with an integrated video camera, detect real world situations, allowing the user to perceive the real world tog ether with specific information generated by the computer.OST eliminates the channel that captures images of the real scene. Thus, the merging of virtual and real world is carried out optically in front of the viewer, with a similar system to Head-Up display.Video See-Through Augmented Reality DisplayThis system has the same configuration as the monitor-based display and requires a system to merge the real and virtual video channels into a single image.The video camera provide the users view of the real world. After, graphic images are combined with the video by the scene generator, merging the real world with the virtual objects. Finally, the result is sent to the monitor. This convergence is achieved through a system known as video keying. While the first channel is called the key, the other is the place setting.The video composition can be done throughChroma-keying. The background of the images is set to a special colour, which none virtual objects use. After this, the combining set replaces colour areas, inserting the corresponding parts from video of the real world. At last, virtual objects are superimposed over the real world.Depth Information. This method combine the real and virtual images by pixel-by-pixel depth analysis.Advantages and Dissadvantages of Optical and Video Approaches some(prenominal) systems have advantages and disadvantages. Since both work with video cameras to capture images of the real world, there may be errors of timing during the merging operation. With the optical see-through system, is not possible to cross for delay errors. These errors must be compensated by correctly timing of the other parts of the system.In both monitor-based and video-see through systems, the video camera is capturing images from real world. Access to these images can be and advantage if the system analyzes the video data. After this, the system will extract tracking information through position sensors on the HMD.Simplicity In addition to optical blend ing is cheaper and easier than video blending, it must not deal with video streams where images from the virtual and real world are separated. Both images must be perfectly synchronized to avoid errors of temporal distortion.Resolution Video blending has a very limited resolution of both real and virtual images. Optical see-through has a higher resolution in its screen, making the viewers image of the real scene not reduced. preventive While a lack of energy contributes the video see-through head-mounted displays stop issuing images, optical see-through continues showing a perfect view of the real world.No eye offset Video see-through puts the camera view where the users eyes are. Differences between these locations introduces distortions between the virtual and real view. VST can avoid this problem by using mirrors to create another optical paths so that the user has the feeling of getting real image without displacement. Through this system, the cameras can see what the users eye s see without the use of a head-mounted display.Moreover, video blending offers some advantages over optical blendingFlexibility in composition strategies Video see-through has advantage over optical see-through because it mixes better virtual and real objects, obscuring in a better way both elements in the real scene. VST can also simulate transparencies between these elements on a pixel-by-pixel basis.Wide field-of-view VST optimally solves the distortion errors caused by optical systems, by using processing techniques that dont distort the captured image.Real and virtual view delays can be jibed VST reduces problems caused by mismatches of time between virtual and real images. The view through a head-mounted display, provides an instantaneous view of the real scene, while the view of the virtual objects is displayed with a delay. With VST systems, is possible to delay the real world view to match the virtual image view.Additional registration strategies Video blending provides a dditional information through the digitization of real world scene. This system uses additional resources for a better registration of optical approaches.Easier to match the brightness of real and virtual objects Optical approaches are used in assembly and repair of many systems because of the address and security they provide. Moreover, these system save time and labour, which represents a great saving by companies.Focus and ContrastIn a video-based system, the images from the real and virtual world must be projected at the same distance by the monitor or head-mounted display optics.To overcome the mismatches on the video cameras depth-of-field, the graphics must be rendered simulating a limited depth-of-field. Moreover, would be advisable for the video camera had an autofocus lens.To achieve good contrast, the brightness of the real and virtual elements must be correctly matched, because if the real scene is too bright, can wash out the virtual view. On the other hand, if the rea l environment is too somber the virtual image could wash out the real world scene.What are the Applications of Augmented Reality?Finger TrackingUsing this technology, the computer can visually track the users finger, witch loosenessctions as a digital pen, a mouse or other devices.Annotation and visualizationAugmented reality could be used to annotate objects, public spaces and environments with any kind of information. This information could be public or private.AR is useful to aid visualization tasks. For example, we could be able to look out a window and see how an imaginary new building would change or view of the real world.Augmented MuseumIn museums, the Head-Mounted Display detects the ID of the picture, generating a description of it. Moreover, the HMD identifies which picture the user is looking at, displaying specific information on the screen.Manufacturing, Maintenance and RepairThis system can also be used in assembling and repair of mechanical, electronic and electri cal parts. Thus, a user can point at parts of an engine model and the augmented reality system displays the name of the part and shows how to repair it. These instructions help us to understand an equipment, superimposing 3D drawing upon it.AR could be used for assembly, keep and repair of equipment in aircrafts, printers, engines and auto quicks among others.Future AR systems will include complex animations that will show the mechanic how to repair in the most efficient way. checkupIn surgical operations, AR provides an internal view of the patient. This visualization could aid in training for surgery, through ultrasound images, Computed Tomography scans or MRI scans that provide an useful view of the patient in real time. With this system, the information is captured by sensors and displayed on the patient, thus showing exactly where to perform the operation.These virtual drawings show in an easy and graphical way the tasks that need to be done and how to do them efficiently. Wit h ultrasound imaging, for example, the posit can view a three-dimensional virtual image of the fetus overlaid on the abdomen of the pregnant woman. Moreover, AR could guide doctors to find the site of a tumour during needle biopsies.AR devices can also be used to help in problems related to Parkinsons Disease.Future applications of Augmented Reality in the medical examination field will be craniofacial surgery visualization and guide in reconstructive surgery.Ultrasound-Guided Breast BiopsyIn the field of surgery, ultrasound-guided breast biopsy has been used for diagnosis, and to guide for needle localization in lesions prior to biopsy. AR systems helps the doctor in cyst aspiration providing a three-dimensional image to guide the needle to the right place.EntertainmentNowadays, Augmented Reality is used in last reports by changing computer-generated maps. Thus, the real image is augmented using the technique of chroma-keying. Furthermore, special techniques have been developed to insert advertisements into certain areas of a specific place during the broadcast. We often see 3D advertising in football games promoting products or services. These images are perfectly integrated using reference points in the stadium. Using this system, labor costs are reduced by creating virtual sets than can be stored in a database.MilitaryThe arms industry has long used displays in cockpits to the pilot in their flight helmet. Through the use of HMDs, the activities of other units participating in the exercise can be seen by the pilot.Augmented reality can be used in aerial reconnaissance by markings in certain geographical areas.These markings add information that will be analyzed by the control command, providing a way to aim the aircrafts weapon.Engineering DesignUsing AR systems, we can display virtual prototypes to our clients, thus the client can walk around the display analyzing its different elements and discussing the necessary changes on it. This allows a real i nteraction between the designer and client.RoboticsAugmented Reality displays can do the user to guide remote robots. In these systems, the user uses a three-dimensional visualization which augments the information from the real world, providing guidance in geographical spaces.Consumer ApplicationsAugmented Reality can be used in many areas of daily life. There are a wide variety show of computer programs that assist the homeowner in remodelling projects to see how the changes will affect the different parts of a house.AR may also benefit the fashion and beauty industry. For example cloth stores could have stored in a database different clothing that we could wear virtually. In beauty shops, we could see how a new hair style would look in us.What Devices are Used in Augmented Reality?Hanheld DevicesAugmented Reality complements mobile computing systems for optimal integration of virtual elements within real world. Nowadays article of clothing AR devices are too expensive, complex , fragile and hard to carry for most people. However AR systems have proven advantages in a wide variety of fields such as engineering design, manufacturing, maintenance and repair, virtual navigation, entertainment, mobile construction and others.The creators of AR systems combined the integration of a small computer with mobile devices so that users could carry them on their backs, while graphical augmentations were shown to them through Head-Mounted Displays. Despite the initial success of this system, its price remains highly expensive and is very difficult to maintain.Because of this set of problems, developers began to think in the use of lightweight wearable devices equipped with cameras such as PDAs or mobile phones.AR Wearable ComputersMobile Phonescellular phones are very useful because of their portability, adequate processing power and local network connectivity, but their small display size and low reposition make them a very limited device for AR applications.Tablet P CsAlthough Tablet PCs dont have the limitations of mobile phones, are too expensive and extremely heavy for single handed.PDAIs the optimal platform for the Hanheld AR framework. Its interface is very intuitive and its size and weight are optimal. Moreover, its processor and RAM memory are increasingly sophisticated.What are the Major Challenges for Augmented Reality Systems?The biggest problem facing the AR today, is how to combine the virtual elements with the real world in an augmented environment, keeping the user in the illusion that the virtual elements are part of the real world. To get a good combination of these elements, we must beware of the following relationshipsObject to world O Transforms the orientation and position of virtual elements with respect to to coordinate system of the real world.World-to camera C Defines the position of the video camera that captures the real scene.Camera to image plane P Creates a 2D image with the information obtained from the 3D scene. This requires that relationships between physical and virtual elements must be optimal.The errors between these relationships, make the user perceive differences in appearance between real world objects and virtual elements, due to synchronization errors. These virtual elements, must interact with the user in the real world as natural as possible.The solution to these problems would be to create a system that would eliminate the differences in light between the real world and its augmentation.What does Augmented Reality for Education?The use of Augmented Reality in coach promotes teamwork and allows viewing of three-dimensional models to students, which facilitates the task of development through a fun and interactive process. Likewise, this system can be applied to a wide variety of learning areas outside the educational field.Among the reasons that make AR attractive to be applied in educational centers, we find, among others, the interaction between virtual and real environmen ts, the easy manipulation of objects within the virtual environment and the ease of movement from one space to another in real time.Through the use of HMDs, AR promotes team confabulation, showing the possible gestures and other communication signals from the students of the group. All this information is viewed by students on their screen, which facilitates interpersonal communication. This allows this form of collaboration to be seen more as a face-to-face communication than an isolated communication through displays on the HMD screen. In these collaborative environments, the information taken from the real world is socially shared in the virtual space.The advantage of using AR systems kind of of other technologies, is that results highly intuitive for people who have no experience with other computer systems. Thus, even the youngest students can enjoy a fun interactive experience.Fantasy InterfacesLittle children often fantasize about being actors in a fairy tale. With AR, we c an make this fantasy a reality, by using a book with markers that acts as primary interface. Thus, we can turn the pages, read the text, and we can see also three-dimensional animations that tell us the story better. These 3D models are embedded in the page of the book so the child can see the animations from any point of view, moving it from different angles. These animations can be adapted to any size of book, so that reading becomes a very fun and immersive experience.These systems can be used at any educational level, making the learning process a very engaging task. To apply this system successfully, educators should collaborate with the developers of these applications to find the best way to apply it in school environments.Future directionsFuture monitoring systems will be more robust, and will incorporate mixed media to remedy the mistakes of registration. These systems will fully reproduce the scenes in real time within the HMD.Moreover, future AR systems will offer users t he ability to walk great outdoor spaces. To achieve this, these systems will have to evolve towards better portability. To a greater sense of immersion, these systems should also incorporate 3D sound systems.As for the political and social dimensions, through the gradual introduction of Augmented Reality in the daily tasks of our live, it will be more accepted by people. Gradually, we will see that this system allow the users to make their work easier and faster instead of been seen as a system that replaces human workers.ConclusionAugmented Reality is less technologically-advanced than Virtual Reality Systems, but by contrast, AR is much more commercial. Nowadays, AR can be found in research laboratories and academic centers.The next development of AR will be initially on the aircraft manufacturing. In the other hand, its introduction to the medical field, will take longer than in other areas. AR will probably be used in medical training before than surgery.Another area where AR wi ll develop strongly in the coming years will be in tours through outdoor environments by wearing a Head-mounted display, facilitating the development of advanced navigation systems and visualizations of past and future environments. These systems will make the orientation a much easier task. AR systems will also include 3D maps displaying information about the elements were looking at, and their dimensions, and will show the easiest way to reach that destination.Regarding the application of AR in education, the lesson will be better understood by visualizations of history, geography, anatomy and sciences in general that will make the learning process much more easier.After solving the basic problems of Augmented Reality, advanced virtual elements will be developed that will be perceived as realistic as the real world.To achieve this purpose, the conditions of lighting, texturing, shading and registration will be almost perfect, so we will wear a pair of glasses outdoors that will sh ow us realistic virtual elements with which we will interact normally.

Leadership Definition Essay -- Definition Leader Leading Leadership Es

Leadership expositionThere are lots of explanations and interpretations for the term LEADERSHIP. One is A family relationship through and through which angiotensin converting enzyme person influences the behaviour or actions of other flock (Mullins, L.J. 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT issue, p904). Another popular definition would be, the process of influencing an scheme or groups inside an organization in its efforts to contendds achieving a goal (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, seventh Edition, FT learner Hall, p.519) Leadership Theories on BehaviourTo me, leaders are constantly touch us. People constantly need to be led and they seek out individuals around them who have personalities that stand out the basic qualities of leadership, the vast Man Theory. This could be in terms of their appearance, knowledge, charisma, behaviour or style. For example, popular actors/actresses might not be great leaders but they influence the thoughts of people through advertisements through their appearance and charisma. Leadership is also a process where trust of people needs to be gained and established before followers are doing things willingly and without having to practise pressure. Managers are different in this aspect, as they are given authority/power and trust factor might not be required to actively participate in management, subordinates might not be performing their tasks willingly. The above idea is adopted from the most recent leadership definition by Manfred Kets de Vries, he defines leadership style as the point of interaction between the leaders character, the followers character and the situation. (Manfred Kets de Vries, The Leadership Mystique, financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001) To gain peoples trust, the first steps is to communicate, Warren Bennis observed the significance of rhetoric and eloquent, Effective leaders put haggle to the formless longings and deep felt need s of others. They create communities out of words. (Bennis Warren, An Invented Life Reflections on Leadership and Change, Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesly, 1993)The Traits opening, otherwise known as the Great Man theory, is the stock of leadership theories. This theory believes that there is a unique set of qualities for a leader, mainly his intelligence and ability to judge, his knowledge power, self-confidence and dependabil... ...and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT PublishingJohnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition, FT Prentice HallManfred Kets de Vries, The Leadership Mystique, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001Bennis Warren, An Invented Life Reflections on Leadership and Change, Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesly, 1993Steven F. Hayward, Churchill on Leadership, 1997, ICS PressBlake and mutton (1964) Mcgregors X and Y theory (1987)Leadership styles, 2002, Tony KippenbergerHuman Resource Management, Derek Torrington, Laura Hall & Steph en Taylor, 5th Edition, 2002Hitlers Leadership Style by Dr Geoffrey Megargeehttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/hitler_commander_01.shtmlSecrets of Leadership Hitler and Churchill by Andrew Robertshttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/hitler_churchill_01.shtmlAdolf Hitlerhttp//www.remember.org/guide/Facts.root.hitler.htmlHitler as he believes himself to behttp//www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/hitler-adolf/oss-papers/text/oss-profile-01.html Leadership Definition Essay -- Definition Leader Leading Leadership EsLeadership DefinitionThere are lots of definitions and interpretations for the term LEADERSHIP. One is A relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people (Mullins, L.J. 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT Publishing, p904). Another popular definition would be, the process of influencing an organization or groups within an organization in its efforts towards achieving a goal (Johnson, Scholes & Wh ittington, 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition, FT Prentice Hall, p.519) Leadership Theories on BehaviourTo me, leaders are constantly surrounding us. People constantly need to be led and they seek out individuals around them who have personalities that stand out the basic qualities of leadership, the Great Man Theory. This could be in terms of their appearance, knowledge, charisma, behaviour or style. For example, popular actors/actresses might not be great leaders but they influence the thoughts of people through advertisements through their appearance and charisma. Leadership is also a process where trust of people needs to be gained and established before followers are doing things willingly and without having to use pressure. Managers are different in this aspect, as they are given authority/power and trust factor might not be required to actively participate in management, subordinates might not be performing their tasks willingly. The above idea is adopted from t he most recent leadership definition by Manfred Kets de Vries, he defines leadership style as the point of interaction between the leaders character, the followers character and the situation. (Manfred Kets de Vries, The Leadership Mystique, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001) To gain peoples trust, the first steps is to communicate, Warren Bennis observed the significance of rhetoric and eloquent, Effective leaders put words to the formless longings and deeply felt needs of others. They create communities out of words. (Bennis Warren, An Invented Life Reflections on Leadership and Change, Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesly, 1993)The Traits theory, otherwise known as the Great Man theory, is the origination of leadership theories. This theory believes that there is a unique set of qualities for a leader, mainly his intelligence and ability to judge, his knowledge power, self-confidence and dependabil... ...and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT PublishingJohnson, Scholes & Whitti ngton, 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition, FT Prentice HallManfred Kets de Vries, The Leadership Mystique, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001Bennis Warren, An Invented Life Reflections on Leadership and Change, Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesly, 1993Steven F. Hayward, Churchill on Leadership, 1997, ICS PressBlake and Mouton (1964) Mcgregors X and Y theory (1987)Leadership styles, 2002, Tony KippenbergerHuman Resource Management, Derek Torrington, Laura Hall & Stephen Taylor, 5th Edition, 2002Hitlers Leadership Style by Dr Geoffrey Megargeehttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/hitler_commander_01.shtmlSecrets of Leadership Hitler and Churchill by Andrew Robertshttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/hitler_churchill_01.shtmlAdolf Hitlerhttp//www.remember.org/guide/Facts.root.hitler.htmlHitler as he believes himself to behttp//www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/hitler-adolf/oss-papers/text/oss-profile-01.html

Our Prison System Sucks :: essays research papers

Our Prison System Sucks     Good afternoon ****** and fellow class mates. To many of you, the wordprison might frighten you. To some, you grateful the idea of prison. To others,well, you just dont care. Well I am for the idea of prison, but I dontsupport the way our prisons in north america are organism run. These stackdeserved to be punished I dont want them to waste our money, get "paid" fortelevision interviews, book rights and all the other goodies that come fromdoing a crime. And then slapped on the hand saying "You be a good boy/girlnow" and sent them off to a place we key out prison, but in reality, some of theprisoners, find prison to be just standardized a strict camp. I have personally talkedto some people who had gotten out of prison a few weeks prior to our talk, andthey where telling me how they learned how to make certain crafts, learn how tosow, and many other things. To me, that thinking(a)s awfully like a camp I was made togo to when I was young. Some people in prison even have television, otherstreat it like a hotel. This disgusts me This doesnt sound at all like aprison. A prison is a place where people are supposed to be punished. Nottreated like guests. There is a fin line between being punished and being overpunished however. Im not saying that each person should be beaten daily, ormade to stay in a cell by themselves with no one to talk to for an eternity.The person should be punished harmonize to the crime. "An eye for an eye."This brings me to the subject of capital punishment. Im sure some of you aredisgusted by the word, but I am not. I am disgusted with the circumstance that it isnot here in Canada. I believe that for major crimes, such as that of PaulBernardo certainly deserve the death penalty. If someone can go out and killdozens of children, or adults. They surely have the guts to go though with theend of their lives. The amount of grief a family has to suffer when a loved oneis l ost is tremendous, and to have to go through life worrying weather or notyou safe because your afraid the killer pull up stakes get out of jail with good behavior.